Journal of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology
Journal of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology (JVPP) is an international, peer-reviewed open access journal that aims to publish high-quality manuscripts. All accepted articles are published quarterly in open access full text. JVPP publishes the results of original scientific studies, reviews, case reports, and short communications, in all fields of veterinary science. Journal Name: Journal of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology Journal initials: JVPP Journal Abbreviation: J. Vet. Physiol. Pathol. ISSN: 2821-0328 Publisher: Rovedar DOI Prefix: 10.58803/JVPP Frequency: Quarterly ------------------------------------------------ Journal Statistics Average time to preliminary assessment: 9 days Average time to review: 28 days Average time to publish: 39 days Submissions: 11 Accepted articles: 6 Acceptance rate: 54% Accepted Articles Published for Free: 83%
Bulbourethral Gland Enlargement in a Tom Cat Associated with Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli Infections
Introduction: Bulbourethral gland disorders are rarely reported in cats, particularly in association with bacterial urinary tract infections. The present study described a case of bulbourethral gland enlargement in a domestic cat. Case report: A 2-year-old domestic short-haired tom cat weighing 4.7 kilograms presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, with a major complaint of dysuria, vomiting, and inappetence. The clinical evaluation revealed lymphadenopathy, bladder distension, and haematuria. Radiographic findings demonstrated bilateral renomegaly and a distended urinary bladder. The duration of study and therapy was three days. Despite supportive therapy, including 10 mg piroxicam at 0.3 mg/kg intramuscular (IM), lactated Ringer's at 4 mL/kg, 10 mg of furosemide at 2 mg/kg, IM, 2 mg of dexamethasone at 0.2 mg/kg, IM, and 5 mg of metoclopramide at 0.2 mg/kg, IM, the animal died on the third day after presentation, and post-mortem examination revealed marked enlargement of the bulbourethral glands. Bacteriological cultures of blood, urine, and kidney samples yielded isolates of both Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli from each sample. Histopathological examination demonstrated glandular hyperplasia with inflammatory cell infiltration in the bulbourethral gland, lungs, and heart muscle. Conclusion: The present study highlighted the potential role of opportunistic bacterial pathogens in the pathogenesis of bulbourethral gland enlargement and underscored the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in feline lower urinary tract disease.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Surgical Management of Cloacal Prolapse in a Laying Turkey Using a Modified Stay Suture Technique: A Case Report
Introduction: In Bangladesh, people raise turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) for their meat, whereas in North America, they are common household pets. These turkeys are characterized by their distinctive physical and functional attributes. The present study aimed to report a case of turkey cloacal prolapse and to evaluate the efficacy of the modified stay suture and the anesthetic approach in a turkey. Case report: An eight-month-old female domestic white turkey, weighing 2 kilograms, was presented to the Sahidual Alam Quadery Teaching Veterinary Hospital in Chattogram, Bangladesh. The turkey had a history of cloacal prolapse and had laid six eggs previously, but had not laid any for several days. After examining the physical parameters, the vital signs, including temperature, breathing rate, and heart rate, were all within normal ranges. The presence of eggs was confirmed by physical palpation, and an X-ray revealed an egg in the cloaca. Xylazine was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 2 mg/kg of body weight, followed by infiltration of 2 mL of 0.5% lidocaine. The modified stay suture technique was utilized in the present study, and 1 mL of calcium was administered after hematological analysis, diluted in 0.5 liters of water. The turkey was treated on the same day of the surgery with amoxicillin at 20 mg/kg orally mixed with water for seven days and meloxicam at 0.5 mg/kg orally for three days, mixed with water, postoperatively. After the surgery, the turkey resumed laying eggs on day seven without any complications. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that cloacal prolapse in laying turkeys can be successfully treated with a modified stay suture.
Neonatal Tetanus in A Red Sokoto Kid: A Case Report
Introduction: Neonatal tetanus, known as tetanus neonatorum, occurs in infants born to mothers who lack adequate immunization against the Clostridium tetani (C. tetani). Tetanus is a disease that affects animals and humans of all ages. The present study aimed to document neonatal tetanus in a 6-day-old male red Sokoto kid. Case report: A 6-day-old male red Sokoto kid weighing 1.4 kilograms, was presented to the Large Animal Clinic of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Jos, Nigeria, with a chief complaint of inappetence for suckling milk from its mother and weakness lasting 6 days. Clinical examination revealed a rectal temperature of 36.7°C, a pulse rate of 72 beats per minute, and a respiratory rate of 64 cycles per minute. The kid presented with generalized muscle stiffness, trismus (lockjaw), bilateral opisthotonus, hyperesthesia, a characteristic sawhorse stance, and a prolapsed third eyelid. As tetanus is a clinical diagnosis with no definitive laboratory test, therefore, confirmation was based on the pathognomonic clinical signs and the kids’ history. The kid was hospitalized and kept in a dark and quiet room, where procaine penicillin, tetanus antitoxin, piroxicam (analgesic and antipyretic), multivitamin (nerve supplement), diazepam (muscle relaxant), and saline dextrose 5 % (fluid therapy) were administered, but the kid did not survive and died on the third day. Due to the case history, unsanitary environmental conditions where the kid was delivered, and signs observed that were characteristic of tetanus, the disease was diagnosed. Conclusion: Increasing the hygiene during parturition should be encouraged, the umbilicus should be disinfected after parturition, and treatment of open wounds should be treated immediately after a cut or injury occurs. The present findings emphasized the importance of preventing and controlling tetanus through vaccination, which can reduce economic losses and enhance overall animal health.
Rumen Impaction with Polythene Bag in an Adult Balami Ram: A Case Report
Introduction: Rumen impaction in ruminants constitutes one of the numerous factors that can lead to losses in livestock if not appropriately addressed. The present study aimed to diagnose and resolve a case of rumen impaction in an adult ram. Case report: A 3-year-old Balami ram weighing 40.4 kilograms was presented to the veterinary teaching hospital, University of Jos, Nigeria, with a one-week history of coughing and severe inspiratory dyspnea. Clinical examination revealed rectal temperature (40.7 °C), tachycardia (120 beats/min), tachypnea, congested ocular mucous membranes, bruxism due to pain, rough hair coat, absent rumen motility, and a firm palpable mass was felt in the rumen following palpation of the left abdominal wall. Hematological parameters were evaluated upon arrival at the veterinary hospital and were within normal reference values. Based on the clinical findings, a diagnosis of rumen impaction with suspected indigestible foreign material was made. An emergency left-flank rumenotomy was performed following intravenous sedation with 4 mg xylazine at 0.1 mg/kg and local anesthesia with local infiltration of 80 mg lidocaine at 2 mg/kg. A large compacted polythene bag weighing 3.1 kilograms was carefully removed after exteriorization of the rumen, followed by thorough lavage with normal saline. The rumen was closed with a Cushing suture pattern and returned to the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum and musculature, subcutaneous tissues, and the skin were routinely closed. Postoperative management included 4 mL of amoxicillin, 1.6 mL of diclofenac, and wound dressing. The ram recovered uneventfully without complications, and sutures were removed on postoperative day 15. Normal appetite, rumination, and respiratory pattern were restored by day 3 post-surgery. Conclusion: A successful outcome was achieved through rumenotomy. The present study highlighted polythene-induced rumen impaction as an emerging and potentially life-threatening condition in small ruminants living in urban and rural areas of developing countries, where the careless disposal of plastic waste increased the risk of ingestion.
Haemobiochemical Alterations Associated with Haemoparasitic Infections in Dogs in Jos North, Nigeria
Introduction: Dogs in Nigeria are commonly affected by haemoparasitic infections. These infections are mainly transmitted by ticks and cause significant illness. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of blood parasites on the haemobiochemical parameters in dogs in Jos North, Plateau State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: Forty dogs from three different veterinary clinics in Jos North, Plateau State, Nigeria, were examined. Dogs were grouped by sex (male and female), age (puppies under 6 months, young dogs 6-24 months, adults over 24 months), and breed, such as Nigerian indigenous breeds (NIBD) and exotic breeds. The study lasted for 10 months. Blood samples from all dogs were collected for haematological and serum biochemical analyses. Giemsa-stained smears were examined under a light microscope to identify haemoparasites. Haematological parameters and serum biochemical markers, including urea, creatinine, liver enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase), bilirubin, and electrolytes, were assessed. Haemobiochemical evaluations were conducted on the same day as sample collection. Results: The present study found a high prevalence of haemoparasites (77.5%) among the 40 dogs examined in Jos North, with Babesia spp. being the most prevalent (52.5%), followed by Anaplasma platys (20%), Mycoplasma haemocanis (20%), and Hepatozoon canis (5%). Infected dogs with these parasites demonstrated significant haematological alterations, including anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia, with puppies (12.5%) and NIBD (20%) most severely affected. Inflammatory changes such as neutrophilia and leukocytosis were common and varied among breeds. Biochemical changes included elevated urea, creatinine, liver enzymes, and bilirubin in puppies and NIBD. The mineral alterations, specifically Na, Cl, Ca, HCO3, and phosphorus, exhibited significant variation based on age (puppies) and breed (NIBD), but demonstrated no significant difference concerning sex. Conclusion: The current results provided essential baseline data to improve the diagnosis, management, and control of haemoparasitic infections, ultimately supporting stronger canine health and welfare in Jos North, Plateau State, Nigeria. Biochemical abnormalities, such as elevated urea, creatinine, liver enzymes, and bilirubin levels, indicated hepatic and renal involvement, as well as significant electrolyte disturbances associated with haemoparasite infection.
Surgical Management of External Hernia with Entero-Mesenteric Incarceration in an Uda Ewe
Introduction: External hernias with incarcerated contents pose a significant risk to animal patients, and prompt attention is crucial to prevent complications. The present study aimed to describe the clinical findings, diagnosis, and successful surgical management of an external hernia with incarcerated entero-mesenteric content in a 2-year-old Uda ewe. Case report: A 2-year-old Uda ewe, weighing 40 kilograms, was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Jos, Nigeria, with a large swelling on the right ventrolateral abdominal wall, attributed to a traumatic incident caused by a horn gore from a bull. Clinical examination revealed a large protrusion on the right ventrolateral abdominal wall region, with a soft, tender swelling beneath. The swelling was partly reducible through a partially palpable hernia ring. The vital parameters (rectal temperature, pulse, and respiratory rates) and hematological parameters such as complete blood count were within normal reference ranges. A clinical diagnosis of incarcerated external hernia was made based on the animal's history and clinical findings. The ewe underwent surgical correction via herniorrhaphy using a continuous suture pattern. The procedure involved meticulous blunt and sharp dissection to separate the incarcerated entero-mesenteric tissues, followed by a two-layer closure. The peritoneum, rectus abdominis, and transversus abdominis muscles were sutured as the first layer using a simple novel technique. This technique involved taking continuous sutures from both ends of the hernia ring toward the center and securing with a surgeon's knot at an equidistant point, which helped evenly distribute the tension along the length of the hernia ring and prevented tissue tearing. The internal and external oblique muscles were sutured as the second layer, which further strengthened the repair. The skin sutures were removed on postoperative day 10, and the ewe recovered without complications. Conclusion: The present study highlighted the pivotal role of timely detection, precise diagnosis, and surgical intervention in managing external hernias with incarcerated content, which can significantly impact the outcomes in ruminants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biochemical Effects of Euphorbia tirucalli Latex Powder on Oreochromis mossambicus using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Introduction: Aquatic ecosystems face increasing threats from natural and anthropogenic contaminants, including plant-based toxins such as Euphorbia tirucalli (E. tirucalli) latex, which pose specific risks to marine organisms. The present study aimed to evaluate the biochemical effects of E. tirucalli latex on the gills, liver, and kidneys of Oreochromis mossambicus (O. mossambicus) using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy over a 28-day exposure period. Materials and methods: A total of 54 O. mossambicus fish were collected from the Krishnagiri Reservoir, Tamil Nadu, India. The fish were divided into two groups, including the control group (Group A), maintained in clean water without latex exposure, and the second group exposed to lyophilized E. tirucalli latex at a concentration of 0.315 g/L for 28 days under continuous aeration (Group B). The latex of E. tirucalli was lyophilized and administered through water exposure following a 10-day acclimation period. The latex-induced biochemical alterations in gill, liver, and kidney tissues were assessed by FTIR spectral shifts in protein, lipid, and carbohydrate bands. Results: The FTIR analysis revealed distinct, organ-specific biochemical alterations in response to latex exposure. The liver analysis in Group B exhibited a pronounced C=O ester stretch at 1745 cm⁻¹, indicating lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, whereas the kidney indicated notable sugar and phosphate absorption bands (1084-1030 cm⁻¹) and a unique peak at 875 cm⁻¹, suggesting metabolic disturbance. Gill tissues in Group B displayed relatively moderate biochemical responses. Protein content analysis across different tissues in both experimental groups revealed significant variations, confirming that E. tirucalli latex disrupted protein metabolism. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the effectiveness of FTIR spectroscopy in detecting organ-specific biochemical changes, highlighting the toxic potential of E. tirucalli latex as an environmental hazard in aquatic ecosystems.
Modulatory Effects of Melatonin and Artificial Light on Testicular Morphometry in Guinea Fowl (Numida Meleagris)
Introduction: Guinea fowls have sophisticated seasonal mechanisms that make them an excellent model for studying reproductive activities. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of exogenous melatonin and artificial light on testicular morphometry in sexually mature guinea fowls. Materials and methods: A total of 65 mature male guinea fowls, with an average weight of 1-2 kg, were randomly selected for the present study. Five guinea fowls were utilized for the primary evaluation study on day 0. Sixty guinea fowls were divided into six groups with 10 guinea fowls in each group. The first group (SD) was exposed to 8 hours of light and 16 hours of darkness (8L:16D). The second group (SD-Mel) was exposed to 8L:16D with an additional melatonin injection. The third group was the control group (CTL) with 12L:12D. The fourth group was maintained on CTL with an additional injection of melatonin (CTL-Mel). The fifth group (LD) was exposed to 16L:8D, and the sixth group was exposed to 16L:8D with an injection of melatonin (LD-Mel). Melatonin was administered intramuscularly at 1 mg/kg body weight 2 hours before the end of each light cycle. The entire study was conducted in 60 days. Body weight (BW), testicular weight, and gonado-somatic index (GSI) were recorded at days 0, 30, and 60 of the study. Results: There was a consistent increase in the BW, testicular weight, and GSI from days 0 to 60 in all groups. The results of BW, testis weight, and GSI were statistically significant on days 0, 30, and 60 across all groups. The testicular weight was higher in SD and LD-Mel, while the lowest weight was in SD-Mel. The GSI was higher in SD and LD-Mel, while the lowest was in SD-Mel. In the LD-Mel and LD groups, there was a strong positive correlation between testes and GSI. Conclusion: Melatonin exposure, particularly under long-day conditions, enabled guinea fowl to improve reproductive potential by day 30 of light treatment.
Molecular and Pathological Diagnosis of Mixed Rhizopus microsporus and Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections in a Russian shepherd Dog
Introduction: Laboratory investigations are essential for diagnosing and managing diseases. The present study aimed to detect Rhizopus microsporus (R. microsporus) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) in a Russian shepherd dog using molecular, gross, and histopathology methods to confirm the disease entity in the clinical setting following treatment failure. Case report: A 4-month-old female Russian shepherd dog weighing 16 kilograms was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Jos, Nigeria, with signs of haematuria, melena, ascites, and anorexia. The dog exhibited severe icterus in its mucous membranes with ascites. Blood samples were collected for parasitological and haematological examinations. Haematological evaluations revealed mild leukopenia and a mild babesiosis, which was effectively treated before the dog died. Immediate therapy was started using imidocarb, ceftriaxone, furosemide, lactated Ringer’s solution, B-complex, iron dextran, and piroxicam. Despite initial therapy, the dog died five weeks after treatment. In post-mortem examination, samples from the lung, heart, liver, kidney, and spleen were collected and fixed in neutral buffered formalin 10% and prepared for histological evaluation. The non-formalinized samples of liver and lung were processed for both bacteriology and mycology assessments. To determine the presence of mycotoxins, a urine sample was obtained. Aflatoxin B1 was also detected in the urine at a concentration of 10,000 ng/mL. Generalized icterus, pulmonary congestion, cardiomegaly, splenomegaly, multifocal nodular lesions on the liver, severe intestinal haemorrhages, and ascites were the gross lesions observed. Rhizopus microsporus and K. pneumoniae were detected in microbial cultures of liver and lung samples. The present findings were further supported by PCR and gene sequencing. These strains were genetically related, clustering with Asian strains on the phylogenetic trees. Conclusion: The present study illustrated challenges in the clinical diagnosis of uncommon mixed microbial infections in veterinary practice, where laboratory diagnosis, after post-mortem examination, was essential in the diagnosis of aflatoxicosis along with systemic R. microsporus and K. pneumoniae infections, which caused nodular hepatopathy, toxic nephropathy, myocardial necrosis, and interstitial pneumonia.
Ameliorative Effects of Vitamins A and E on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Aflatoxin B1 Intoxicated Broiler Chickens
Introduction: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) stands out as one of the most damaging toxins in poultry, causing oxidative stress and immunosuppression in broiler chickens. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of vitamins A and E on hematological and biochemical parameters in broiler chickens intoxicated with AFB1. Materials and methods: A total of 96 day-old unsexed broiler chickens, weighing approximately 40 grams, were randomly divided into six groups. Each group consisted of 16 chickens, with two replicates and eight chickens per replicate. The first treatment compromised commercial feed with 35 µg/kg of AFB1 and 10 mg of vitamin A (T1), the second treatment included commercial feed with 35 µg/kg of AFB1 and 15 mg of vitamin A (T2), third treatment included commercial feed with 35 µg/kg of AFB1 and 5 mg of vitamin E (T3), fourth treatment had commercial feed with 35 µg/kg of AFB1 and 10 mg of vitamin E (T4), the negative control had commercial feed with 35 µg/kg of AFB1 without any vitamins (T5), and the positive control group were given commercial feed only (T6). The entire study was conducted over 42 days, and hematological and serum biochemical parameters were assessed on day 42. Results: Differences in hematological and biochemical parameters were not statistically significant across groups. However, T3 had the highest values of packed cell volume (31%), hemoglobin (10.05 g/dl), red blood cell (3.30 × 10⁶/μl), and white blood cell (15.95 × 103/μl). Additionally, in T4, the serum biochemical parameters indicated the lowest values of aspartate aminotransferase (178.50 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (183.00 U/L), and blood urea nitrogen (1.25 mg/dL), numerically compared to the other groups. Conclusion: The present study indicated that vitamins can be used as a strategic dietary ingredient in reducing the effects of aflatoxins. Supplementing with antioxidants such as vitamin E reduces oxidative stress, stabilizes liver and kidney functions, and supports poultry health under AFB1 exposure.
Bridging Policy and Practice for Colistin Use in Veterinary Settings: A One Health Approach for Resource-Limited Regions
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important public health problem worldwide in humans and animals. Colistin is extensively used in veterinary medicine to control and treat enteric infections in poultry and swine, emphasizing the need to consider a One Health approach when dealing with colistin resistance. The present study aimed to provide a concise overview of the global antimicrobial resistance burden and the critical status of colistin within the World Health Organization (WHO) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) frameworks. The WHO classifies colistin in its Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) class reserve group, and the EMA restricts its use in veterinary medicine, categorizing colistin as restricted (Category B). The discovery of plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance (mcr-1) genes and their worldwide transmission to humans, animals, food, and the environment in 2015 increased urgent concerns about the continued use of colistin. The present study analyzed 44 open-access articles published between 2015 and 2025, sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and WHO/EMA databases. It investigated resistance to colistin in Escherichia coli, the spread and control of mcr genes, particularly in Africa and North America. Colistimethate sodium is for human use, and colistin sulfate is more commonly used in veterinary medicine. Over 10 variants of the mcr-1 gene have been detected in humans, animals, food, and environmental samples. In North Africa, mcr-positive isolates have been identified in both poultry and humans, reflecting the interconnected risks. The findings illustrated a persistent gap between global policies and local practice, driven by limited alternatives, weak diagnostic capacity, and uneven regulatory enforcement. As a result, colistin continues to be used despite the increasing risks of resistance. A practical One Health approach is essential to preserve this critical antibiotic. This approach should strengthen diagnostic tools, improve surveillance systems, provide training for farmers and veterinarians, and harmonize global policies with local needs, aligning with WHO AWaRe and EMA guidelines.
Clinico-Pathological and Molecular Characterization of Fatal Canine Leptospirosis: A Case Report from Nigeria
Introduction: Spirochetes of Leptospira spp. are responsible for leptospirosis, a zoonotic bacterial infection that affects various animal species, particularly canines. The present study aimed to report the detailed clinical presentation, management, post-mortem examinations, and histopathological findings of a 5-year-old male Boerboel dog displaying signs of acute illness, including anorexia, constipation, and emesis. Case report: The dog was presented to the small animal clinic, Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Systems, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. Initial physical examinations revealed lethargy, pale mucous membranes, and constipation; laxatives and enemas were administered. The dog’s condition worsened, and then an exploratory laparotomy was performed, revealing a distended, obstructed intestine. Post-surgical care included antimicrobial and fluid therapy; however, the dog died a few days after the surgery. Necropsy revealed significant findings, including fatty liver, haemorrhagic enteritis, and lymphadenomegaly. Histopathological findings of the liver exhibited moderate hepatic lipidosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cholestasis. Renal samples exhibited interstitial nephritis and tubular degeneration. Reactive changes in gut-associated lymphoid tissues were observed in the intestinal samples. The polymerase chain reaction result for the Leptospira 16S rRNA gene was positive in the liver, confirming the diagnosis of canine leptospirosis. Conclusion: The present study highlighted the importance of timely diagnosis and intervention in suspected cases of leptospirosis. The combination of clinical assessment, post-mortem findings, histopathological evaluation, and molecular diagnostics provided a comprehensive understanding of the disease process and emphasized the need for increased awareness and improved management strategies for canine leptospirosis in veterinary practice.
A Retrospective Study on Histopathological and Cytological Evaluations to Guide Surgical and Chemotherapeutic Strategies in Canine Tumours
Introduction: Canine tumors cause significant morbidity and mortality, yet diagnostic methods in resource-limited settings remain inadequate. The present study assessed the pathological range and compared fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) with histopathology to guide surgical and chemotherapeutic strategies in Veterinary Teaching Hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria. Materials and methods: This retrospective study on suspected canine tumour cases (n=73) was collected from 2018 to 2025 across three veterinary centers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Clinical records were reviewed and data on demographics, tumour types, and diagnostic methods were systematically tabulated. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests were employed to evaluate differences in age groups (middle-aged to geriatric), sex, diagnostic procedures such as FNAC and tissue biopsy, treatment modalities including surgical excision versus chemotherapy, and survival outcomes. Performance metrics of aspiration biopsy, comprising sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values, were calculated in comparison with histopathological findings. Furthermore, McNemar’s test was used to evaluate discordance between fine-needle cytology and biopsy results. Results: Age distribution was uneven, with the highest prevalence in 5-8-year-olds (30.1%). Male number was dominant (60.3%), but this difference was not statistically significant. Boerboels (37.0%) and German shepherds (30.1%) were more present than other breeds, suggesting possible breeder bias or increased breed-related tumor development. Tumor types included transmissible venereal tumors (21.9%), mammary tumors (13.7%), and lymphomas (9.6%). Use of diagnostic tools was different, with fine-needle cytology accounting for 45.2% and biopsy for 47.9% of procedures. Fine needle cytology had a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 90%, with a positive predictive value of 92% and a negative predictive value of 81%, showing a nonsignificant difference with histopathology. Treatment approaches were different, with 61.6% receiving chemotherapy alone, 13.7% receiving both chemotherapy and surgery, 5.5% undergoing surgery only, and 19.2% receiving no treatment. The overall survival rate was 38.4%. Conclusions: The FNAC offered valuable initial information, whereas histopathology provides the definitive diagnosis. Implementing a stepwise diagnostic approach can facilitate more efficient utilization of limited resources, improve accuracy in prognostication, and ultimately enhance survival rates of dogs in Nigeria.
Bilateral Valvular Endocarditis with Multiple Renal Infarcts in an Adult Pit-Bull: A Case Report
Introduction: Vegetative valvular endocarditis is an uncommon but potentially fatal condition in dogs, often diagnosed post-mortem due to nonspecific clinical presentation and rapid progression. The present case report aimed to document the post-mortem and histopathological findings specific to bilateral valvular endocarditis with septic embolism-induced renal infarcts in a 9-year-old male Pit Bull. Case report: A 9-year-old male Pitbull presented with anorexia, exercise intolerance, recumbency, and a haemorrhagic scrotal mass. Clinical evaluation revealed hyperthermia, tachycardia, laboured respiration, and mitral regurgitation. The dog died despite intervention and was necropsied. Tissue samples taken from the heart, kidney, lungs, and liver were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, sectioned at 5 µm, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Endocardial samples were cultured on MacConkey and Blood agar. Necropsy revealed vegetative thrombotic endocarditis (Mitral valve), bronchopneumonia, renal infarctions, splenomegaly, and hindlimb myositis. Histology examinations confirmed fibrinous thrombi with bacterial colonies, pulmonary oedema, and hepatic chord atrophy, Kupffer cellular hyperplasia, and renal tubular thromboembolism and necrosis. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp. were isolated from the endocardial samples and confirmed by Gram stain and biochemical tests such as catalase, indole, citrate, and oxidase tests. Conclusion: The present case demonstrated the systemic implications of canine valvular endocarditis, particularly its association with renal infarction and multi-organ pathology. Given the rarity of the condition, with an estimated prevalence of only 0.11% in dogs, the present report contributes to the expanding knowledge on understanding and managing similar cases in veterinary practice.
Advancing Goat Genomics Verification and Applying GBTS Liquid Chip for Precision Breeding
Genotyping by target sequencing (GBTS) liquid chip is a cutting-edge genomic tool that enables the efficient detection of genetic markers for economically important traits, including milk yield, fat content, and disease resistance, in milk goats. The present study aimed to review the development, validation, and application of the GBTS liquid chip in goat genomics, emphasizing its role in precision breeding. The methodology involved extracting DNA from different goat breeds, designing probes for specific gene markers, performing genotyping using the GBTS liquid chip, verifying detected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) through whole-genome resequencing, and assessing chip repeatability across batches. Sequence alignment, variant calling, and genome-wide association studies were conducted using bioinformatics tools such as BWA, PLINK, and GATK to ensure accurate identification of SNP loci. Advanced statistical methods, including principal component analysis and phylogenetic tree construction, are employed to demonstrate the chip's effectiveness in distinguishing genetic diversity and relationships among breeds. Functional annotation through databases such as Ensembl and KEGG helped interpret the biological roles of identified markers, while genomic prediction models, including genomic best linear unbiased prediction and BayesC, estimate breeding values for targeted selection. This integrated strategy, combining high-throughput genomic technologies, microfluidic platforms, and computational analysis, demonstrated the potential of GBTS liquid chip technology to enhance goat breeding programs by improving productivity, conserving genetic diversity, and ensuring sustainability.
Effects of Vitamin E and Selenium Supplementation on Oxidative Stress in Assam Hill and Beetal Crossbred Goats during Transitional Period
Introduction: Oxidative stress during late gestation can adversely affect fetal development, immune function, and overall reproductive performance. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of antioxidant supplements, including vitamin E and selenium, in reducing oxidative stress (pregnancy stress and heat stress) during the transition period in Assam hill and Beetal crossbred goats. Materials and methods: A total of 24 healthy pregnant Assam hill and Beetal crossbred goats, each weighing 17-20 kg, were randomly assigned to four groups, each with six goats. The treatment groups consisted of vitamin E at 100 mg and selenium at 0.5 mg (T1), vitamin E at 250 mg and selenium at 1.25 mg (T2), and T3 vitamin E at 500 mg and selenium at 2.5 mg (T3), with these supplements incorporated into their basal diet and administered orally. The control group was given only the basal diet. Different parameters, including hematological parameters (Total erythrocytic count, total leucocytic count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume), physiological parameters (Temperature, pulse rate, and respiration rate), and biochemical parameters (Total protein, glucose, and cholesterol), were evaluated in four months. Additionally, hormonal levels of Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), and cortisol were assessed, along with oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Results: No significant differences were observed among any groups in terms of body temperature, pulse, or respiration rate. The current findings indicated that groups T2 and T3 demonstrated significantly increased serum levels of T3 and T4, as well as an increase in SOD activity, compared to the control group and Group T1. Conversely, groups T2 and T3 indicated a notable reduction in cortisol and MDA concentrations compared to the control group and T1. Conclusion: Administering 500 mg of vitamin E along with 2.5 mg of selenium has yielded more promising results on oxidative stress; thus, it is recommended for use in pregnant Assam hill and Beetal crossbred goats during the transition period to help reduce stress.
Effects of Dietary Nano-Zinc Oxide on Growth Metrics and Blood Indices in Assam Hill Goat
Introduction: The Assam hill goat, an indigenous breed known for its small body structure compared to other goat breeds, thrives in the hilly terrains of Assam, India. In the present study, nano zinc oxide was supplemented in the Assam hill goat diet to explore its effects on improving body weight gain in a shorter period, aiming to enhance Assam hill goats’ growth, health, and productivity. Materials and methods: Twenty-four three-month-old Assam hill goats were selected and studied over 120 days. The animals were randomly divided into four groups, including Control, T1, T2, and T3, each consisting of six goats (three males and three females) with an average initial body weight of 5.83 kg. Group C (Control) received a standard basal diet with no supplementation, Group T1 was given a basal diet plus 30 mg/kg nano zinc oxide orally, Group T2 received a basal diet plus 40 mg/kg nano zinc oxide orally, and Group T3 was given a basal diet plus 50 mg/kg nano zinc oxide orally. Average body weight gain and changes in hematological and biochemical parameters were recorded and analysed at the end of the trial. Results: Body weight in treatment groups (T1, T2, T3) significantly increased from 5.800 ± 0.037 kg, 5.833 ± 0.033 kg, and 5.833 ± 0.049 kg at the first of the trial (0) to 8.433 ± 0.042 kg, 8.617 ± 0.095 kg, and 9.067 ± 0.056 kg on day 120, respectively. Hematological parameters (hemoglobin, packed cell volume, erythrocyte and leukocyte counts) indicated no significant differences. Total protein levels rose significantly in T1, T2, and T3 from 6.400 ± 0.019, 6.395 ± 0.037, and 6.383 ± 0.020 g/dl to 7.135 ± 0.015, 7.332 ± 0.010, and 7.412 ± 0.012 g/dl, respectively. Serum zinc also increased markedly from 0.900 ± 0.019, 0.895 ± 0.037, and 0.892 ± 0.015 mg/L to 1.135 ± 0.015, 1.332 ± 0.010, and 1.405 ± 0.006 mg/L, respectively. In contrast, serum glucose and cholesterol concentrations did not indicate any statistically significant differences among the groups. Conclusion: Supplementation of nano-zinc oxide at the dose rate of 50 mg/kg feed improved the growth performance and the serum total protein concentration in the body of Assam hill goats.
Giant Mature Cystic Teratoma in an Indian Pariah Bitch
Introduction: Ovarian teratomas are uncommon tumors in female dogs, characterized by the presence of tissues derived from embryonic layers. Although most ovarian teratomas are benign, histopathological evaluation is crucial for accurate clinical diagnosis and management. The present report presented a rare case of tridermal teratoma in an eight-year-old bitch and its successful surgical management. Case report: In the present case report, an eight-year-old Indian Pariah bitch weighing 16.7 kg was presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, India with anorexia and abdominal distention. Radiography and ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed two abnormal masses in the abdominal cavity. The bitch was operated for exploratory laparotomy, and the masses were removed. One mass weighed 4.2 kg and was 30×22×14 cm in size, while the other mass, which was attached to the left ovary, weighed 0.2 kg and was 7×5×4 cm in size. Grossly, both masses demonstrated encapsulation, lobulation, and severe congestion. The external surface of the masses had pigmentation. In contrast, the cut surface revealed cystic spaces filled with tufts of hair embedded in thick, creamy-white sebaceous material, along with fat and bone tissues. Histopathological examination confirmed both masses as benign mature cystic teratomas, comprising well-differentiated structures derived from all three germ layers. Conclusion: The abnormal masses of cystic teratomas in the abdominal cavity were diagnosed and successfully removed by surgery.
Histopathological and Molecular Detection of Lymphoid Leukosis in Sonali Chickens in Chattogram, Bangladesh
Introduction: Lymphoid leukosis (LL), caused by the Avian leukosis virus (ALV), is a tumor-forming disease in poultry that causes considerable economic losses in commercial poultry farming. The present study aimed to evaluate the histopathological and molecular aspects of LL in Sonali chickens from several poultry farms in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Methods: 200 dead Sonali chickens aged from 20 to 40 weeks that showed clinical signs of the disease, including gradual weight loss, loss of appetite, enlarged abdomen, pale comb and wattle with high morbidity and low mortality, were collected from poultry farms in Patiya, Anowara, Banshkhali, Chandanaish, Mirsarai, and the Chattogram metropolitan region, Bangladesh. Necropsy of these chickens was performed systematically, and the gross lesions were documented. Samples were collected from the affected organs, including the heart, liver, spleen, and intestine, for histopathological and molecular identification of LL. Histopathological examination of those samples was performed by the routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) procedure. A conventional PCR targeting the ALV env gene was performed with complementary DNA (cDNA) generated from extracted RNA. Results: 120 (60%) chickens among the 200 demonstrated specific gross lesions of LL during necropsy examination, including disseminated nodular tumors in visceral organs such as the heart, liver, spleen, and intestines. Routine H&E procedure confirmed LL in 94 (78.33%) of cases. Moreover, 100 percent of the histologically confirmed samples indicated a distinct 220bp amplicon in PCR, confirming ALV infection. Conclusion: The combination of histology and molecular detection successfully revealed ALV-induced lymphoid leukosis in Sonali chickens. The presence of ALV on several farms indicated the need for stronger biosecurity measures to prevent viral spread.
Utilizing of Flaxseed on Rumen Digestion, Some Physiological Traits, and Milk Yield
Flaxseeds are one of the potential oil seeds packed with excellent amount of nutrition and possess various health benefits. Interestingly, flax seeds' health benefits are mainly attributed to the omega-3 fatty acids, lignans and fiber they contain. It is used in different forms, such as whole and flour.This review provides an overview of the impact of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) on various aspects of health, including its effects on fermentation, volatile fatty acids, digestibility, milk yield, physiological action, ovarian and reproductive state, folliculogenesis, in vitro fertilization (IVF) performance, reproductive hormones, embryo production, and plasma and glucose levels in dairy cows. The impacts could be evaluated by flaxseed lignin, alpha-linoleic acid, and their derivatives. Flaxseed is abundant in α-linoleic acid (ALA) and can potentially enhance omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the milk of dairy cows. Nevertheless, the impact of various forms of flaxseed supplementation on rumen fermentation remains uncertain. Various intracellular signaling pathways, binding proteins, receptors, metabolic and reproductive hormones, and their overall behavior might be affected by alterations. Flaxseed oil did not affect the pH and NH3-N levels in the rumen. Additionally, consuming flaxseed may offer health advantages for humans. Their actions can be mediated by a variety of intracellular signaling pathways, including protein kinases, transcription factors that control cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and malignant transformation; alterations in general metabolism; reproductive and metabolic hormones; and receptors. The purpose of this study is to provide a general overview of the nutritional profile, health benefits, value-added products, and toxicity of flaxseeds.
The Management and Treatment of Keratoconjunctivitis in A 6-Month-Old Lamb: A Case Report
Introduction: Infectious keratoconjunctivitis, commonly known as pinkeye or contagious ophthalmia, is a bacterial disease that affects the healthy eyes. This infection causes inflammation in the tissue lining the eyelid, the conjunctiva, and the cornea of one or both eyes. Case report: A 6-month-old male Afshari breed sheep with symptoms of blepharospasm, keratoconjunctivitis, and ocular discharge was referred to a veterinary clinic in Mashhad, Iran. Upon ophthalmic examination of both eyes, the signs included conjunctivitis, generalized corneal opacity, blepharospasm, epiphora, positive menace response, and elevated intraocular pressure were observed. The clinical signs suggested Infectious keratoconjunctivitis by Mycoplasma. To detect Mycoplasma, immunofluorescence tests, and growth inhibition tests were conducted using anti-sera. Mycoplasma was isolated from the samples. The sheep was treated with a single intramuscular injection of long-acting tetracycline at a dosage of 20mg/kg. The topical tetracycline ointments were used and applied 4 times daily for 6 days. The topical ophthalmic application of 1% atropine ointment 3 times daily was used due to pain as a consequence of uveitis for 3 days. Due to the mydriasis caused by atropine, animals undergoing treatment were provided with shade. For pain relief, meloxicam (1 ml/50 kg) is utilized to alleviate the clinical signs of the disease. After 10 days of treatment, the clinical signs returned to normal. Conclusion: The clinical signs and subclinical tests confirmed keratoconjunctivitis caused by Mycoplasma. The successful treatment of this disease by following the above-mentioned treatment method can help clinicians and researchers in similar cases.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance, Feeding Behavior, and Nutrient Utilization of Different Goat Breeds Fed Creep Feed
Introduction: Feed is one of the main factors to improve animal production. The utilization of feed is depended on quality, quantity, type, breed, and rate of passage of feed. This study aimed to evaluate the performance, feeding behavior, and nutrient utilization of growing Etawah crossbred and Senduro goats fed different forms of starter concentrate of creep feed. Materials and methods: Twelve local growing goats were used in this study, consist of six Etawah crossbred and six Senduro goats with average body weight 20 ± 1.57 kg from both sex, fed different forms of creep feed for three month. This study was designed by factorial randomized completely block design 2x2. The first factor was type of creep feed form (mash and pellet), and the second factor was the type of goat breeds (Etawah crossbred and Senduro). The complete ration consisted of 70% creep feed containing black soldier fly (BSF) meal and BSF oil plus 30% elephant grass. The variables observed were feeding behavior nutrient consumption, digestibility, blood metabolites, and performance. Results: The results showed that there was no interaction between the creep feed forms and the goat breeds in all variables. The form of creep feed had a significant effect on prehension and mastication and the pellet form had higher prehension and mastication compare to mash from but it had no significant effect on nutrient consumption and digestibility. Performance and blood metabolites were same in all treatments, except for the feed efficiency of Senduro goats had higher than Etawah crossbred goats. Conclusion: In conclusion, giving creep feed containing BSF larvae meal and oil in starter concentrate as pellet forms resulted a lower prehension and higher mastication, but has higher prehension and lower mastication for mash type. The performance and blood metabolites were are not different in all treatment groups.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Bacteria Isolated from Traditionally Fermented Bovine Milk from Selected Farms of Kajiado- Central Sub-County, Kenya
Introduction: Fermented bovine milk provides a conducive environment for the growth of bacteria some of which could be of zoonotic importance. These bacteria can develop antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to the regular use of antibiotics in animals. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from traditionally fermented milk obtained and processed from 114 indigenous cows kept by Maasai pastoralists in Kajiado County, Kenya. The Kirby-Bauer Disk diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolated Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Salmonella typhi. Results: The susceptibility of the isolated bacteria was determined using nine antibiotics namely chloramphenicol (10μg), kanamycin (30μg), penicillin G (10μg), streptomycin (10μg), oxytetracycline (30μ) tetracycline (30μg), vancomycin (30μg), gentamycin (10μg) and Ampicillin (10μg). The Staphylococcus (S.) aureus isolates exhibited diverse resistance patterns to the antibiotics with the greatest resistance observed against oxytetracycline (69.2%), streptomycin (69.2%), and kanamycin (61.5%). However, a significant proportion of the S. aureus strains demonstrated a 100% susceptibility rate to gentamycin and vancomycin. Escherichia coli isolates exhibited resistance to vancomycin (100%), tetracycline (80%), oxytetracycline (80 %), and ampicillin (60 %) and were highly (100%) sensitive to the other antibiotics. Salmonella typhi isolates were resistant to vancomycin (88.8%) and highly (100%) sensitive to chloramphenicol, penicillin G, gentamycin, and streptomycin. Klebsiella spp. were highly resistant to vancomycin (100%) and were sensitive to gentamycin (100%) and streptomycin (100%). Conclusion: The study showed a high prevalence of AMR in bacteria isolated from traditional milk consumed by the pastoralists and thus there is a high risk of zoonotic spread of the pathogenic bacteria. There is a need to educate the local households on strategies to minimize the occurrence of AMR in animals and also improve hygiene practices in the preparation of traditionally fermented milk.
Biological Activities and Traditional Use of Hyptis suaveolens in Human and Veterinary Medicine: A Review
Hyptis suaveolens (H. suaveolens), known as Gros baume or sweet-smelling Hyptis, is an invasive plant from tropical regions widely used to manage human and animal ailments, such as bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. This study aimed to synthesize a scientific research work on the use of this medicinal plant in the traditional pharmacopeia, as well as the biological and pharmacological activities already recognized in the literature. Information for this synthesis was collected from physical (libraries and documentation centers of universities in Benin) and reliable scientific databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, which were queried based on the keywords related to H. suaveolens. This plant contains secondary metabolites in its aerial parts, such as leaves, and stems, which are rich in essential oils. From leaves to roots, all parts of this plant are of interest to both humans and animals to treat various pathologies. The most frequently cited diseases include asthma, panariasis, jaundice, hyperthermia, indigestion, stomach pains, nausea, colds, gall bladder infections, breast abscesses, hemorrhoids, oral-anal candidiasis, edemas, cramps, and skin infections The various aqueous and ethanolic extracts are evaluated by researchers and the biological activities are indicated in the literature. Those activities include the antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, insect repellent, and insecticidal effects. However, no toxicity resulting from the use of this plant has yet been reported in the literature. Research on H. suaveolens toxicity must be continued to gain a comprehensive understanding of its application in human and livestock health. This literature review allows the virtues and risks related to the traditional use of H. suaveolens in human and animal pharmacopeia. The various potentialities of this plant provide a lever for exploring its antiviral effects in traditional veterinary medicine in general.
The Outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease Serotype Sat-2 Infection in Al-Muthanna Province of Iraq
Introduction: prevalent in the majority of developing nations. Case report: The present study reported a foot and mouth disease Sat-2 outbreak in Al-Muthanna province in southern Iraq in March 2023. Three male Holstein Friesian cows, aged between 1 and 1.5 years and weighing approximately 550 ± 15 kg each, were affected. Clinical examination revealed symptoms, including fever, severe lameness, anorexia, depression, frothy salivation, and vesicular lesions on the mouth and feet. Confirmation of the Sat-2 serotype was achieved through serological testing and genotyping of the virus, conducted by the FMD Institute, Ankara, Türkiye. The Sat-2 serotype was recognized by genotyping the virus and submitting SAT-2 VP1 sequences. The treatments for secondary infection prevention included Ceftifur (2.2 mg/kg) for 5 days, and flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg) for 2 days. The other animals that were not exposed to infected animals were vaccinated against FMD. Rigorous biosecurity measures were implemented, involving thorough disinfection of the environment and quarantine of the infected animals. Direct contact between the farmer and other animals, particularly the sick ones, was completely avoided. After 2 weeks, all infected animals began to eat normally again, and clinical signs disappeared. Notably, other animals on the farm did not exhibit any signs of FMD. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings of this study underscore the importance of biosecurity measures and vaccination in FMD prevention. Additionally, administering antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of secondary infections proves to be crucial.
Curative Potential of Abutilon indicum Extract against Heat Stress-induced Kidney Damage in Adult Male Rats
Introduction: The pharmacological activity of Abutilon indicum plant has been studied in various animal groups and clinical trials. This study aimed to investigate the protective role and mechanism of Abutilon indicum on adult male rats with heat stress-induced acute kidney injury. Materials and methods: Abutilon indicum was obtained from the Botany Department of Al-Muthanna University, Iraq. The seeds, roots, and leaves of Abutilon indicium were prepared as an aqueous extract. In this experiment, 30 male albino rats, aged eight weeks, with an average weight of 200 ± 20 g. were recruited. After acclimation for a week, the rats were divided randomly into three groups, 10 male rats in each group. The GI group (negative control) received daily oral treatment with saline via gavage for 28 days. In contrast, the GII group (positive control) was subjected to heat exposure and moisture stress. The GIII group was exposed to heat stress, involving a temperature increase of 40°C for 5 hours each day using electric heaters and humidity levels ranging from 75% to 85% for 5 hours daily (from 12:00 pm to 03:00 pm) over a four-week period. Additionally, the GIII group received oral treatment with fresh Abutilon Indicum extract at a dosage of 400 mg/kg of body weight for the first 12 hours of each day for 28 days. Results: The results of this study revealed a significant decrease in biochemical parameters (blood urea and serum creatinine) in the GIII group, compared to GII group. Additionally, the histological analysis identified glomerulolysis and degeneration with dilation of the capsule zone in the GII group, while the GIII showed a decrease in capillary congestion with the severity of pathological damage reduced. Conclusion: Considering the obtained results, it can be concluded that Abutilon Indicum extract has a significant positive effect on the biochemical parameters of the rats’ kidney damage induced by heat stress.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Candidiasis is a fungal disease that is induced by yeast from the genus Candida spp. This opportunistic pathogen is present in the skin and gastrointestinal tract of the host, and it tends to induce disease when the host's immune system is suppressed. The aim of this study was to present a short review of Candidiasis in birds, covering aspects, such as host, species, pathogeny, and diagnosis. Candida comprises approximately 200 species, but only a few of them are pathogenic. Among these, Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated in clinical cases. Candida spp. is a polymorphic fungus that can appear in the form of budding yeast, hyphae, or pseudohyphae, depending on the growth environment. They are pretty common in birds, being observed in almost every species. In birds, they can cause infections in the upper digestive system and skin. Clinically, candidiasis in birds is characterized by low morbidity and mortality rates. Affected birds typically display nonspecific indications like depression, anorexia, and inhibited growth. Diagnosis can be performed by laboratory culture, cytology, histopathology, and PCR. On postmortem examination is possible to observe a pseudomembrane with a whitish to yellowish color, easily removed, and an eroded mucosal epithelium of the crop. Infections can be prevented by good sanitary conditions.
Traditional Herbal Medicine and its Prospects among Goat Breeders of Benin
Introduction: The use of traditional medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases in livestock farming is a common practice in Benin. Various ethnoveterinary studies have documented plants that livestock farmers use to treat animal diseases. However, these studies have been limited mainly to inventorying these plants, without exploring farmers’ perceptions on the use of these plants to promote the sustainable use of medicinal plants. The current study aimed to fill this gap by gathering farmers’ views on the use of traditional herbal medicines. Materials and methods: A structured survey was conducted from February to April 2023 in the southern, central, and northern regions of Benin. This survey targeted 480 goat farmers who actively engage in veterinary phytotherapy practices. Data were collected through random individual interviews with farmers. The interviews focused on the socio-cultural characteristics of the farmers, their motivations for using medicinal plants, the different forms of preparation, the plant efficacy, the difficulties encountered when using them, and prospects for improvement using open-ended, multiple-choice, and yes/no questions. Results: There were three distinct groups of goat farmers based on their opinions on the use of traditional herbal medicines and their socio-demographic characteristics. Group 1 consisted mainly of married and illiterate men. Group 2 was predominantly composed of married and educated men. Group 3 consisted mainly of married men, with a slightly higher illiteracy rate compared to Group 2. Group 1 used plants due to their easy accessibility and knowledge acquired since childhood, while groups 2 and 3 used them due to the high cost of conventional medicines and the perceived effectiveness of herbal medicine. Group 1 mainly used decoctions and powders, group 2 utilized powders, macerations, and trituration, and group 3 used raw preparations, decoctions, and macerations. All three groups agreed on the widely recognized efficacy of medicinal plants. Nevertheless, they encountered difficulties concerning conserving traditional herbal remedies and the imprecision of dosage. All three groups expressed a willingness to explore new forms of traditional herbal medicines, such as suspensions and tablets, prioritizing efficacy, availability, and affordability. Conclusion: The results indicated that all three groups of goat breeders expressed a willingness to use herbal medicines. However, they prefer suspensions and tablets of herbal medicines rather than other forms. In addition, prioritizing efficacy, availability, and affordability are notable for using herbal medicine in current study farmers. These results offer prospects for improving traditional herbal medicines.
A Surgical Management and Histopathological Study of an Extensive Perianal Sebaceous Gland Adenitis in a Jersey Crossbred Cow
Introduction: Sebaceous gland adenitis is a rare condition found in large ruminants, eluding diagnosis and potentially progressing into neoplastic states if left untreated. The aim of the current study was to indicate the benefits of surgical excision of sebaceous gland adenitis in a Jersey crossbred cow. Case report: A 6-year-old Jersey crossbred cow weighing 300 kg was admitted to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, in December 2022 with a soft tissue mass in the right vulval lip. Initially observed as a small skin bump, the condition had progressively worsened over 2 months, becoming an extensive mass contaminated with external debris and live maggots. Palpation revealed the mass to be firm without eliciting pain. The physiological parameters, such as rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were within normal limits. The hematological and serum biochemical parameters were normal. The mass was resected surgically, and the vulval lip was reconstructed. Postoperatively, the cow received a 5-day course of enrofloxacin (Enro, India) at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight, along with 3 days of intramuscular meloxicam at a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg body weight and topical application of antiseptic ointment (Lorexane, India). The animal had an uneventful recovery after 2 weeks. Histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis as sebaceous gland hyperplasia and chronic adenitis. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that timely diagnosis and excision of the vulval tissue mass resulted in a complete recovery and preserved the animal's value. Chronic sebaceous gland adenitis may have a tendency to transform into a benign tumorous condition. The early presentation of the animal and successful surgical intervention prevented this transformation of sebaceous gland adenitis to a benign or malignant condition.
Nanotechnology-based Approaches for the Treatment of Toxocariasis: A Prospective Review
Toxocariasis, caused by Toxocara parasites, is a prevalent parasitic disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Conventional anthelmintic drugs for toxocariasis face challenges such as limited efficacy and potential adverse effects, necessitating exploring alternative therapeutic strategies. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of toxocariasis. This prospective review provides an overview of the potential of nanotechnology in toxocariasis treatment and highlights critical advancements in the field. The current review aimed to provide an overview of toxocariasis and the current challenges in its treatment, such as limited efficacy and potential adverse effects. It emphasized the need for novel therapeutic approaches to overcome these limitations. The subsequent section focused on nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, discussing the nanoparticles used in toxocariasis treatment, their advantages, and strategies for enhancing drug delivery efficiency. Nanotechnology in targeted therapy is a great strategy to treat toxocariasis. It explored targeting Toxocara parasites using nanoparticles, surface modifications for enhanced targeting, and controlled release and sustained drug delivery techniques. Nanodiagnostics and imaging techniques in diagnosing and monitoring provide promising futures for controlling toxocariasis. It explored the use of nanosensors for the sensitive detection of Toxocara parasites and various imaging modalities for parasite visualization. These advancements enabled timely intervention and personalized treatment strategies. Furthermore, the application of nanotechnology in vaccine development is fruitful for preventing toxocariasis. It highlights the use of nano vaccines for enhanced immune responses, controlled antigen delivery, and targeted immune cell activation. In conclusion, nanotechnology holds immense potential in the treatment of toxocariasis. Its unique features, such as targeted drug delivery, enhanced diagnostics, and improved vaccine efficacy, offer promising avenues for more effective and personalized approaches. Addressing evaluation, regulatory approval, cost-effectiveness, and scalability challenges is crucial for successful translation into clinical practice. The advancements in nanotechnology can potentially revolutionize toxocariasis treatment and improve patient outcomes.
Pyelonephritis and Polycystic Kidneys in a Male Holstein Calf
Introduction: Pyelonephritis and cystitis in cattle are urinary tract bacterial infections that can ascend to the kidneys and cause inflammation. This study presented a rarely-seen clinical kidney complication in a male Holstein calf. This problem was accompanied by respiratory tract infections. Bacterial infection caused bovine pyelonephritis and cystitis and consequently, there was an inflammation in the kidneys. A wide range of bacteria were responsible for such infections. Case report: A 5-day-old male Holstein calf was initially diagnosed with high body temperature (> 40˚C), followed by respiratory signs. Treatment with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone and gentamicin) began immediately after diagnosis of the high body temperature, but the clinical signs, such as appetite loss and cough did not fully disappear. The calf’s growth was hindered and finally, died at the age of 90 days. Post-mortem necropsy findings included inflamed and cystic kidneys that coexisted with severe lung infections. Conclusion: The present uncommon renal complication may provide further information about the physiology and pathology of such rare kidney disorders in newborn Holstein calves.
Salmonellosis in Young Calves: A Perplexing Problem beyond Diarrhea
Introduction: Salmonellosis is a well-known infectious disease invading both adult and young cattle, commonly characterized by severe diarrhea and septicemia in calves as well as fever, dysentery, abortion, increased salivation, and decreased milk production in adults. Rapid outbreaks and heavy mortality rates have turned Salmonella spp. into a violent organism from farmers’ and experts’ perspectives. The objective of this article was to pragmatically underline different aspects of Salmonellosis infections in young calves with emphasis on novel clinical and post-mortem signs. Case report: Two calves aged 70–80-day old were primarily diagnosed with respiratory disease, high body temperature (> 40°C), and hyperpnea in the Behroozi Dairy Farm, Tehran, Iran. Calves were treated with anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics (amikacin and penicillin) immediately, but they died the next day. After that, the number of ill calves increased dramatically and 120 calves were discovered with the same signs, including persistent high body temperature, hyperpnea, and recumbency. Early diagnosis and proper treatment and nursing were key factors in reducing the recovery time and mortality rate. Conclusion: In some salmonellosis cases, treatment could become complicated due to developing resistance to various antibiotics. Calves born in filthy calving pens and those with depressed immunity are susceptible to salmonellosis. Therefore, complying with sanitary practices as well as precise nutrition programs for pre-weaning and weaning calves could provide a preventive tool to reduce the risk of Salmonellosis outbreak.
Effects of Dietary Vitamin D3 Over-Supplementation on Broiler Chickens' Health; Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical Characteristics
Introduction: Vitamin D3 is used as a supplement in the feeds of livestock, pets, and human infants. However, the presence of excessive Vitamin D3 has been shown to cause toxicity in humans and animals. This study investigated the clinicopathological aspects of Vitamin D3 toxicity in broiler chickens. Materials and methods: The median lethal dose (LD50) of Vitamin D3 was estimated by the up-and-down method. To determine long term (21 days) toxic effects of oral Vitamin D3 supplementation, 90 (14-day-old) IBL-80 unsexed chicks were randomly divided into three groups as group A (control, received basal diet), B (basal diet + Vitamin D3 at 16.67 mg/kg body weight daily), and C (basal diet + Vitamin D3 at 33.33 mg/kg body weight daily). Results: The findings indicated that broiler chickens tolerated a single oral dose of Vitamin D3 up to 550 mg/kg body weight (22,000,000 IU/kg) without mortality. The results of long-term (21 days) oral supplementation of divided doses of Vitamin D3 in broiler chickens (groups B and C) showed progressive emaciation, elevated hemoglobin, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and increased alkaline phosphatase activity. At necropsy, pale liver and kidneys, congestion and hardening of lungs, mild congestion in the brain, and soft bones were observed in Vitamin D3 treated chicks (groups B and C). Microscopically, degeneration and metastatic calcification in lung parenchyma and peribronchiolar epithelium, coagulative necrosis and calcification in kidneys, and calcification with fibroplasia in proventriculus was detected. Lungs and kidneys showed a significant difference in calcification score between groups B and C. Broiler chickens from Vitamin D3 treated groups (B and C) showed strong immunohistochemical expression of Calbindin D28K in the intestine and kidneys but weak expression in the lungs. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that broiler chicks can tolerate very high levels of a single oral dose of Vitamin D3. Toxic effects of prolonged exposure to Vitamin D3 are due to over-expression of Calbindin D28k in the intestine and kidneys, disturbing the calcium and phosphorous homeostasis and leading to metastatic calcification of vital organs. This study supports that prolonged over-supplementation of Vitamin D3 causes toxic effects; hence, appropriate dietary Vitamin D3 supplementation limits should be set.
Infrared Thermography as an Adjunct Tool for the Diagnosis of Fracture in a Racing Buffalo Bull: A Case Report
Introduction: Lameness is a severe clinical issue in racing animals, which can severely affect their health. Therefore, identifying the cause of the lameness is a crucial step in its diagnosis. Animals with subclinical etiologies are difficult to be identified in field conditions. Infrared thermal imaging is an advanced diagnostic tool for locating the injury site. Although sports injuries are regular in buffalo bulls used for traditional racing in villages, fracture diagnosis is challenging when regular clinical examination, lameness evaluation, and palpation of suspected areas fail to detect a sign. Hence, infrared red thermography can accurately localize the lameness region and locate the radiography area. Timely intervention with this technological tool can prevent further aggravation of the condition and relieve pain in the animal. Case report: A 5-year-old buffalo bull was presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex at Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, on September 2021, with intermittent lameness exhibited in the right forelimb. However, the animal appeared healthy on detailed clinical, physiological, and hematological examinations. Using infrared thermal imaging, increased thermal activity was detected at the distal aspect of the right forearm region. The radiograph of the right forelimb revealed a hairline fracture in the distal part of the radius. The animal completely recovered after the treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and rest for three months. Conclusion: Infrared thermography is a simple and non-invasive method to identify the diseased location based on its thermal activity. In the present study, the correct location of the fracture site was discovered using infrared thermography.
Biological Properties of Oncospheres of Echinococcus spp.
Introduction: Taeniasis is known as a global human and animal parasite. Infestation by Echinococcus has significantly decreased in some countries as a result of modern research aiming to combat this type of tapeworm. To obtain protective biologics, biomass of inactivated material is required. The present study aimed to obtain the maximum number of oncospheres of the genus Echinococcus for the preparation of vaccines. Materials and methods: Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) eggs were placed in artificial intestinal juice. A beaker with juice and eggs was placed on a heated magnetic stirrer. To test the biological properties of the culture, Echinococcus eggs were used for infection of the laboratory mice. For infection, four groups of mice were used. Echinococcus eggs were activated in artificial intestinal juice on a magnetic stirrer in the first group. In the second group, cestode eggs were activated under thermostat conditions (38°C) in artificial gastric and, then, in intestinal juice. The third group was a positive control. The last group was a negative control. The selection of E. multilocularis metastases in laboratory mice was performed for 13 months. Cestodes parasitic cysts were evaluated in each infected mouse at the end of the experiment. The physiological status of E. multilocularis cysts in mice was assessed by a helminthological autopsy. The viability and activity of E. multilocularis protoscoleces were evaluated by motor activity. Mobility was recorded when heating the samples at 37°C for 10-15 minutes. Results: In the first group, second, and positive control groups, 70%, 44.4%, and 33.3% of the mice were sensitive to the alveococcus causative agent, respectively. The larval cysts of the cestodes were identified in the liver and lungs of the mice in the first experimental group. In the second and third groups, the larval in the form of the alveococcus was identified only in the liver. Conclusion: This method allows the investigation of the main biological indicators of cestode egg culture (viability, invasive activity). The novelty of the method is using only artificial intestinal juice without artificial gastric juice. The method can increase yield of activated oncospheres in a short time.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Management of Staphylococcus aureus Health Risk Factors in Algeria
One Health is defined as the collaborative effort of multiple health science professions and their related disciplines and institutions to attain optimal health for people, domestic animals, wildlife, plants, and the environment. This study aimed to present different strategies of Algerian Veterinary Services to manage Staphylococcusaureus (S. aureus) health risk factors. Staphylococcus aureus is an animal and human opportunistic bacterium that causes a wide range of severe diseases. Its danger lies in its potential for transmission from animals to humans and conversely. This zoonotic potential is now well recognized, with the consideration that contact with animals is one of the most important factors influencing colonization and infection in human populations. Given the importance and interdependence of human and animal health linked to S. aureus health risk factors, it is logical to take a One Health approach when addressing this problem. It can be concluded some measures are necessary for the management of S. aureus in food hygiene. These may include launching a control and monitoring plan for residues in food of animal origin and animal feed, as well as a PASCRA plan for the detection of contaminants, such as antibiotic residues, or monitoring of contamination levels in live animals and food products of animal origin at different stages of the production chain.
Plastral Colour Fading of Pseudemys concinna Leconte 1830 (Testudines: Emydidae)
Geometric techniques can be easily applied to many zoological problems, from recognizing subpopulations to studying sexual dimorphism. Pseudemys concinna (P. concinna) is a large terrapin species known as the Eastern River Cooter, native to North America. The hypothesis was to test if plastral pattern tends to fade with age. The present study applies geometric techniques to assess size in a sample of 20 fresh corpses of P. concinna (18 females and 2 males). Plastron color (red, blue, and green channels) was used to objectivize this fading pattern. A negative regression between size and color was registered, so the colour plastral intensity of P. concinna LeConte 1830 tends, effectively, to fade with age. Elucidating the cellular and chemical mediators and mechanisms of these slow color changes will likely require laboratory study.
Serosurvey of Canine Dirofilariasis in a Population of Southern Guatemala
Introduction: Canine dirofilariasis, is a vector-borne disease caused by the parasitic filarial nematode named Dirofilaria immitis. Cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis is a worldwide distributed disease affecting domestic and wild canines as well as felines, causing pulmonary or cutaneous infections in humans. In recent years, scientists have reported the importance of investigating human cases of dirofilariasis since it can be easily confused with lung disease. Guatemala has a high-density of the canine population. Few studies have reported a high prevalence of canine dirofilariasis; nevertheless, knowledge in Guatemala of Dirofilaria immitis is scarce and practically inexistent. Given this, the current study aimed to explore the circulation of antibodies against D. immitis in dogs in the southern part of Guatemala. Materials and methods: Data were recollected from 110 male and female dogs aged more than a year from various breeds in the village “El Brito”, Escuintla, Guatemala. One milliliter of blood was collected from each dog. The samples were analyzed using ELISA test to examine the presence of antibodies in adult worms. Results: The prevalence determined for antibodies against Dirofilaria immitis of sampled canines was 2.7%, and the most frequent age of the canines was 1-3 years old (85%). Conclusions: According to the obtained data, the prevalence of canine dirofilariasis in a southern region of Guatemala was low.
Current Epidemiologic Status and Public Health Importance of Listeriosis: A Review
Listeriosis is a bacterial disease caused by different listeria species, among which Listeria monocytogenes are the most pathogenic species of ruminant animals and humans. This paper aimed to review current updates on the epidemiology and public health significance of listeriosis. The disease is an acute central nervous system infection, with associated abortions occurring in pregnant cattle. Reservoirs of infection are the soil and the intestinal tracts of asymptomatic animals, including wild and feral mammals, birds, and fish. Listeria, like other infections, occurs through ingestion as well as inhalation or direct contact and venereal transmission. In animals, listeriosis typically occurs after the consumption of contaminated silage or other feed sources. Consequently, contaminated food sources, such as raw meat and fish, unpasteurized dairy products, and uncooked vegetables, are good sources of infection in humans. The major clinical forms of listeriosis in cattle are encephalitis, abortion, Mastitis, iritis, The major clinical forms of listeriosis in cattle are encephalitis, abortion, mastitis, ophthalmitis, and keratoconjunctivitis ophthalmitis, iritis and keratoconjunctivitis. The disease can be tentatively diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, and its confirmation is achieved through serological tests and blood culture. Listeriosis shares similar clinical signs with other diseases, such as rabies, Coenurosis, and Scrapie. Response to antibiotic therapy may be poor in neural listeriosis. Prolonged high doses of ampicillin or amoxicillin combined with aminoglycosides may effectively prevent listeriosis in animals. Generally, disease prevention heavily depends on the protection of animal feed and vaccination. Moreover, humans are recommended to avoid eating and drinking uncooked meat and unpasteurized milk products.
Molecular Survey on Sarcocystis Species in Slaughtered Sheep in Hamedan, Iran
Introduction: Sarcocystis is an apicomplexan heteroxenous protozoan leading to adverse consequences for production in sheep with remarkable importance in public health. The current study aimed to investigate molecular prevalence data on Sarcocystis spp. in slaughtered sheep using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in Hamedan, Iran. Methods and materials: The carcass of 60 sheep slaughtered in the Hamedan abattoir were sampled from May 2019 to June 2020. Heart, scapular, esophageal and diaphragmatic muscles were macroscopically examined and recorded as positive in case of the presence of tissue cyst. In this regard, 50 grams of each muscle was sliced and transferred to the laboratory on ice for microscopic and molecular analysis. The molecular identification of Sarcocystis spp. was performed using the PCR-RFLP method. Results: By microscopy, all specimens contained bradyzoites in cysts. The molecular analysis further revealed Sarcocystis species, including Sarcocystis gigantea (S. gigantea), S. tenella, and S. arieticanis. Conclusion: The present study emphasized that three Sarcocystis spp. were circulating among sheep and carnivorous hosts in the investigated area. Further molecular investigations are highly recommended to better evaluate the epidemiology of this zoonotic parasite.
Risk Factors Associated with Sub-Clinical Mastitis and Antibacterial Resistance in Small-Holder Dairy Farms of Kajiado North Sub-County, Kenya
Introduction: Worldwide, there is a paucity of literature on subclinical mastitis, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from dairy animals kept in peri-urban areas. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) and the sensitivity of the isolated bacteria to selected antibiotics in dairy cows kept by small-scale farmers in Kajiado North Sub-County, Kenya. Simultaneously, a questionnaire was administered to determine and assess the risk factors associated with mastitis. Materials and methods: Milk was obtained from all quarters of 101 lactating dairy cows, sampled from 50 farms, and screened for SCM using California Mastitis Test. The samples were cultured and bacteria identified using standard bacteriological methods. Antibacterial sensitivity of Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli isolates were tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, against commonly used antibiotics. Results: The prevalence of SCM at cow and udder quarter levels were 51.2% and 47.5%, respectively. The prevalence of the bacteria was Staphylococcus spp. (51.4%), Klebsiella spp. (40.5%), Pseudomonas spp. (34.6%) and E. coli (11.8%). The risk factors significantly associated with SCM were breed, parity, lactation stage, and milking hygiene. The highest prevalence of SCM was found in cows in late-stage lactation (78%) with the lowest in those in early-stage lactation (37.5%). A higher prevalence of SCM was found in cows housed in farm structures having poor hygiene (95%). The highest prevalence of SCM was in Friesian breeds (67.3%) and the least affected were the indigenous cows (27.3%). Cows in the fourth and higher parities were the most (64.7%) affected by SCM. Most of the Staphylococcus spp. isolates were found to exhibit resistance to oxytetracycline (73%) but had high sensitivity to gentamycin (69%). All E. coli isolates showed resistance to oxytetracycline while a 75% were sensitive to Chloramphenicol. In conclusion, the study showed that a large proportion of cows were affected by SCM, with the main causative agent being Staphylococcus spp. Conclusion: The study shows that antibiotic resistance was alarmingly high in the study animals. The predisposing factors should be further investigated with a view to developing necessary interventions.
Brucellosis: A Retrospective Sero-epidemiological Study
Introduction: Brucellosis is one of the most important worldwide zoonotic diseases caused by the bacterial genus Brucella. It is frequently misdiagnosed and can therefore lead to inappropriate treatment and prolonged disease. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of human brucellosis cases and compare it with the national average and the number of goat brucellosis cases in Algeria. Materials and methods: A total of 3223 patients suspected of brucellosis were collected during 2008-2015 in Djelfa, central Algeria. Rose Bengal test and Wright's serum agglutination were used for the diagnosis. Results: The number of positive cases was 1281 (39.74%), including 743 (58.04%) men and 537 (41.96%) women, resulting in a ratio of 1.38. Men were infected more than women. The number of positive cases was observed frequently between April and September. However, there was no significant difference among the investigated years in terms of infection. The highest prevalence was observed in individuals aged between 11 and 30 years (21.62-22.32%). The seroprevalence of human brucellosis in the current study in Djelfa was significantly higher, compared to the national level. The number of animals (goats) and human cases reported at the national level and Djelfa followed a similar trend. Conclusion: Brucellosis still remains a serious public health threat in the study area. Epidemiological surveillance of brucellosis should be considered a priority in order to reduce the prevalence of human and animal brucellosis.
Comparison of Three Different Glucose-lowering Drugs on Serum Levels of Glucose and Pancreas Histopathology in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from a defect in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of three different blood glucose-lowering drugs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: A total of 60 male Wistar rats (220–250 g and 2-3 months of age) were selected for the current study, and they then were divided into five equal groups. Group 1 included healthy control rats receiving standard diet, group 2 involved diabetic rats receiving standard diet plus acarbose (25mg/kg/day) via gastric feeding tube daily for 8 weeks, group 3 embraced diabetic rats receiving standard diet plus pioglitazone (1 mg/kg/day) via gastric feeding tube daily for 4 weeks, and group 4 received of diabetic rats receiving standard diet plus repaglinide (10 mg/kg/day) via gastric feeding tube daily for 4 weeks. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a dosage of 65 mg/kg body weight. At the end of the study, the samples were taken for histopathological investigation of pancreas and serum glucose levels. The mean diameter of pancreatic islets and the percentage of beta and alpha cells were calculated in all groups. Results: The fasting blood glucose in three treated and normal control rats was significantly less than the diabetic control group. One hour after treatment the blood glucose level reduced significantly in three treated and normal control rats compared to the diabetic control group. On day 7, the percentage of alpha cells in the pioglitazone and acarbose groups increased significantly, compared to the diabetic control group. On day 28, the percentage of beta cells in the treated groups increased significantly, compared to normal and diabetic control groups. Moreover, the mean of islet diameter in the treated groups increased significantly, compared to the normal and diabetic control groups. The percentage of alpha cells in the repaglinide group significantly reduced on day 28, compared to the diabetic control group. Conclusion: Among the administrated drugs, pioglitazone had the most positive effects on controlling blood glucose, increasing beta cells as well as improving the diameter of pancreatic islets.
Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium in Calves and Children from Southwestern Ethiopia
Introduction: Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that can affect both humans and animals. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of cryptosporidiosis in bovine calves and children in Jimma, southwestern Ethiopia. This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to July 2020 to assess the prevalence and risk factors of the infection among calves younger than 1 year and children younger than 5 years. Materials and methods: Fecal samples were collected from 384 calves and 147 children and examined by the Modified Ziehl-Neelson staining method. Results: The overall prevalence was 8.1% in calves and 7.5% in children. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of Cryptosporidiosis was significantly higher in younger calves < 3 months followed by river water users and calves kept in dirty pens. Moreover, the analysis of children data indicated that the risk of Cryptosporidiosis was significantly higher in children >1 year, followed by children settled around the rural area, children whose families had a poor habit of handwashing after attending cattle, children whose their family had a high level of contact with calves, and children who were drinking river water. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the high prevalence of cryptosporidiosis may be due to poor hygienic status, unclean sources of water, attending farms, and contact with calves or their feces. Generally, poor personal and dairy farm hygiene and drinking river water source were the factors contributing to the disease.
Ambidextrous Grazing Posture in the Catalan Pyrenean Horse
Motor laterality has been often studied in non-human animals, including ungulates, and it has been noted that adult animals tend to be ambidextrous. Therefore, the current study aimed to study the laterality of grazing posture when standing in a quadrupedal position. To this end, a total of 106 horses (24 foals, 8 yearlings, 14 subadults and 60 adults 53 females and 7 males) of Pyrenean horse from 11 grazing areas farms were observed and their forelimb preference when grazing was recorded (1-3 times for each animal). The obtained results revealed that approximately half of the horses were right-handed and half left-handed, and females were equally lateralized than males. Moreover, lateralization was not affected by age. Therefore, it seems that forelimb ambidexterity in Pyrenean horses is probably due to the lack of human contact. As the presentation of unevenness may be crucial to orthopaedic health and the compensatory mechanisms used by uneven footed horses are currently unknown, data presented here have a complementary crucial interest.
Comparative Assessment of Portulaca oleracea, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Combination of Selenium Plus Vitamin E on Histopathology of Pancreas in Diabetic Rats
Introduction: Antidiabetic effects of Portulaca oleracea (PO) plant, omega-3 and a combination of Selenium and Vitamin E have been reported which could compensate for defective insulin release and enhance antioxidant levels. The purpose of the present study was to compare the serum glucose levels and histopathological effects on PO, Omega-3, and a combination of Selenium and Vitamin E in the pancreas of adult male diabetic rats. Materials and methods: A total of 96 adult male Wistar rats, weighing approximately 220 g were used. The rats were divided into four groups with 4 replicates for each group accidentally. The rats were diabetic via a single injection of streptozotocin solution (60 mg/kg, IP injection). The groups contained the control group of diabetic rats, which received the standard ration daily, the second group of diabetic rats was fed the standard ration plus Portulaca oleracea extract (1.5 mg/kg/day/orally), the third group of diabetic rats was fed standard ration plus omega 3 (500 mg/kg/day/orally), the fourth group of diabetic rats was fed standard ration plus Vitamin E (400 iu/kg/day/orally) and Selenium (0.5 mg/kg/day/orally) for a period of 14 days. At the end of the study, the samples were taken for histopathological investigation of the pancreas and serum glucose levels. The mean diameter of pancreatic islets and percentage of beta and alpha cells were calculated in all groups. Results: The percentage of alpha cells in the treatment groups was higher than in the control group. The percentage of beta cells in the third group was higher than in the fourth group and control group. The mean diameter of pancreatic islets in omega-3-treated rats was higher than in other groups. The insulin level increased in treated rats in comparison with the rats that were not treated significantly. Conclusion: Diabetic male rats treated with omega-3 showed more positive effects on pancreatic islets and blood glucose compared to other treatment groups.
The Effect of Topical Nitroglycerin on Wound Healing in Rabbits using Histopathological Investigation
Introduction: Nitroglycerin can increase the Cycle Guanosine Mono Phosphate level, enhance nitric oxide rate in tissues dilate vessels, and intensify perfusion within tissues. The aim of the present study was to conduct a microscopic investigation addressing the effect of topical 2% Nitroglycerin ointment on wound healing in rabbits. Materials and methods: Six adult male New Zealand white rabbits, weighing approximately 2.25 kg were used. Two wounds were created on each side of the spinal column. The wounds reached the deep fascia and their dimensions were 15 15 mm. The left wound was used as the control and the right wound was used as the experimental one. Immediately after the creation of wounds, a layer of nitroglycerin 2% with 1 mm thickness was put on the experimental wound daily for seven days. On days 3, 5, 7, and 14 after cutting, both the experimental and control wounds with a margin of healthy tissues were taken for the histopathological examination. Results: The distance of the two edges on the wound in treated wounds reached a significant difference, compared with control wounds on day 14. The number of inflammatory cells (with neutrophils format) in the treatment group was significantly less than those of the control group starting from day 5. In addition, the fibrin clot diameter in the treatment group was significantly less than the control group on days 5, 7, and 14. At the beginning of the experiment angiogenesis in the control group was more than in the treatment group, but it was the same in both groups on day 7, and angiogenesis in the treatment group was more than in the control group after day 7. The volume of granulation in the treatment group was more than control group and there was a significant difference on days 5, 7, and 14. Epithelial tissues diameter was higher in the treatment group and the difference became significant on day 14. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings indicated a promising function of topical NTG in wound healing of anal fissures, tendinopathies, CNH, diabetic foot, or skin flap necrosis.
Campylobacter Species in the Middle East
Campylobacter is a contributing factor in many pathogen conditions. The present study aimed to review the previous findings of studies on campylobacteriosis in the Middle East region. Acute gastroenteritis is caused by Campylobacter species, known as a widespread infectious disease with worldwide disbursement. There are various reports on the incidence of Campylobacter in the Middle East indicating the infection rates of 1-14%. Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and C. coli are the main responsible campylobacteriosis for intestinal diseases. The occurrence of human campylobacteriosis is sporadic, transmission from one person to another person is too rare and the incidence is usually higher in warm seasons and tropical environments. The presence of Campylobacter species as normal flora in stool and its contamination in poultry meat and eggs can lead to infections. Lowering the number of Campylobacter in animal carcasses can greatly decrease the risk of infection in consumers. Due to the high Campylobacter spp. antibiotic resistance, the governments are required to devise controlling programs. People in the Middle East should buy meat from stores that are under sanitary monitoring.